Kum 1987 a ni a, Osaka university-ah chuan Professor Tsuneko Oshima lab-ah chuan japanese zirlai pakhat Ishino chuan Escherichia coli (E. coli) chhûnga iap gene chu a lo zir chiang ve mêk a. Zirlai dangte nên chu gene chu clone-in, a inrem dânte chu an zir zêl a. Chu gene chu an han enchian nâk chuan DNA sequence-ah chuan inrem dân danglam mi(unusual pattern) an hmu ta tlat mai le! DNA sequence inrem dân ngai renga inremthla diatte kârah chuan inrem dân danglam bîk ‘spacer’ te chu an lo inzep ve zêl mai a. Chutiang thil danglam chu khawi gene-ah mah an la hmu ngai hauh lo, a awmzia lah an hre hek lo, an thil hmuhchhuah chu journal of bacteriology ah an tlangzarh ve ta a, DNA squence inrem dân dangdai a nih bâk a ṭangkaina sawibelh tûr an vân hle. Chu thil dangdai tak chu gene khawih danglamna leh natna tihdamna kâwngah khawvêl sûkthlêk kuai her sawk theitu a la ni ang tihngaihna rêng an hre lo!
Kum 1993 a lo her chhuak a, University of Alicante, Spain ah chuan microbiologist pakhat Francisco Mojica chuan archaeon(thilnung tereuhte, bacteria nêna inang deuh, bacteria ni si lo) chikhat Haloferax mediterranei a zirchiannaah chuan Ishino-a ten an lo hmuh ang chiah tho DNA sequence inrem nawn thla diatte kâra daidangtu danglam tak chu a hmu ve leh ta! Mojica-a advisor chuan hêng daidangtute hian DNA dik taka pahniha a inphel theih nâna puitu niin a ring a. An zir zêlnaah Mojica-a te chuan hêng DNA danglam tak te awmna hi RNA siam nâna(transciption) hman a ni tihte an hre leh ta zêl a, thilnungte taksa hnathawhah pawimawhna lian tak a nei tih a chiang hle.
Kum 2002-ah Mojica-a leh Dutch molecular biologist Ruud Jansen-a te chuan chu daidangtu dangdai takte awmna chu CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) tiin an vuah ta a, hei hi tûn thlenga khawvêlin a hman zui tâk chu a ni. He mi kum vêk hian University of Regensburg-ah chuan Tang-a leh a thawhpuite chuan CRISPR awmna lai bâwr vêl DNA hi RNA molecule sei tak, a hnua RNA tawitê têa phel darh leh ho siam nâna hman a ni tih an lo hmuchhuak ve bawk a. Hemi hnuah zet hi chuan CRISPR-te hi DNA satliah mai ni lovin, eng emaw pawimawhna lian tak nei an ni ngei ang tih chu hai rual a ni lo.
Kum 2005-ah meuh chuan CRISPR thurûk chu phelhin a awm ta! Mojica-a vêk chuan a bacteriophage a zirchiannah hêng CRISPR awmna sequence chu bacteriophage(bacteria thattu virus)genome sequence te nên inanna lai tam tak a nei tih a hmuchhuak a. Chuta ṭang chuan CRISPR hi natna do lêt nâna thil nung lo insiam danglamna(adaptive immunity) a ni tih rinna lian tak an nei ta. Hemi kum vêk hian France ramah, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)-ah chuan Christine Pourcel-i leh a hote chuan CRISPR leh bacteriophage sequence inanna chu an lo hmuchhuak ve bawk a.
May thlaah meuh chuan France ramah vêk, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)-ah Alexander Bolotin-a chuan bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus-a DNA sequence a zirchiannah chuan CRISPR awmna lai bâwr vêlah chuan thil danglam a hmu leh ta, CRISPR dang an lo hmuhchhuah tawhte nên inan lohna pakhat a nei a, chu chu cas (CRISPR associated/CRISPR-in a ken tel)genes hriatsa pakhat mah a nei ve tlat lo, cas genes a neih ho chu la hriat ngai lo hlîr an ni a, heng genes zinga pakhat chuan protein lian tak a siam thei a, chu protein chuan DNA chehthlâk theihna(nuclease activity) a neiin an ring nghe nghe. He protein hi Cas9 tûn hnua kan hriat lâr tak hi a ni. Hei mai bâkah virus genes nena inang spacer(daidangtu) te hian a tâwp pakhatah sequence inang an nei vek tih a hmuchhuak bawk. He sequence hi protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) tiin an vuah a, hei hi Cas9 protein-in virus DNA a va chehthlâk dik chat theih nâna puitu a ni.
Kum 2006-ah, US National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH-a mi Eugene Koonin-a chuan DNA inthawmṭhatna ai mah chuan CRISPR hi bacteria in amah beitu a lo do lêtna thil a ni tih a rawn tarlang a. A kum leh lawkah Philippe Horvath, Danisco France SAS-a mi chuan S. thermophilus hmanga enchhinna a neih aṭangin bacteriaphage(virus) a beih hnuah CRISPR-ah chuan virus-a DNA sequence ang chiah daidangtu(spacer) thar a nei tih a hmuchhuak a, hei hian Koonin-a lo sawi lâwk kha nemnghet ta chiah a ni. Kum 2008-ah John van der Oost, University of Wageningen, Netherlands-a mi chuan spacer awmna sequence-te hi RNA te tak tê tê te (CRISPR RNAs(crRNAs) Cas9 protein-in a beih tûr DNA te a va beih chat theih nâna hruaitu) siam nâna hman a ni tih a rawn hmuchhuak ve leh bawk a.Eukaryotic cell-a Genome editing (Gene tihdanglamna) atâna hmang hmasa ber chu Feng Zhang-a MIT-a mi niin, kum 2013 khân bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus leh Streptococcus pyogenes te cas9 protein tidanglamin mihring leh sazu-a cell te DNA ṭhenkhat hlawhtling takin an chepthla ta a ni.
CRISPR Cas9 tihhmasâwn kawngah kum 2020 khân Emmanuelle Charpentier leh Jennifer A. Doudna te chuan Chemistry-ah Nobel Prize an dawng nghe nghe. Tûn hnai mai pawh khân Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) leh Penn Medicine-a mithiamte chuan naute pakhat CPS1 tlachham enkawl nân CRISPR Cas9 an hmang a, he enkawlna a dawn hnu hian naute pawh a ṭha sâwtin a taksaa ammonia level sâng tak ṭhîn pawh a pangngai tawh hle. Khawvêl hmasâwnna ṭhang zêlah hian nakin lawkah chuan tinrêng damdawi kan la nei lovang tih a sawi theih loh!
- CB Pachuau
